Intelligence Directory
Internet Infrastructure in Australia
Review organizations, services, resources, evidence, and contact availability connected to Australia.
BTW follows SOUTH WEST ALLIANCE OF RURAL HEALTH (SWARH) because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- SOUTH WEST ALLIANCE OF RURAL HEALTH (SWARH)
- Aliases
- WEST ALLIANCE OF RURAL HEALTH (SWARH)
- Other infrastructure services
- Australia / AU - Infrastructure organization
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- RIPEstat public routing record
- BTW follows SOUTH WEST ALLIANCE OF RURAL HEALTH (SWARH) because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS133737
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
SOUTH WEST ALLIANCE OF RURAL HEALTH (SWARH) Australia Other infrastructure services
- Resources
- Service platform
- Services
- Other infrastructure services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows Civil Aviation Safety Authority because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- Civil Aviation Safety Authority
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows Civil Aviation Safety Authority because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS139732
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows Woodside Energy Limited because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- Woodside Energy Limited
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows Woodside Energy Limited because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS38327
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
Woodside Energy Limited Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows WELLS RESEARCH PTY LTD TA Anttel Wholesale because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- WELLS RESEARCH PTY LTD TA Anttel Wholesale
- Aliases
- RESEARCH PTY LTD TA Anttel Wholesale
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows WELLS RESEARCH PTY LTD TA Anttel Wholesale because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS136922
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
WELLS RESEARCH PTY LTD TA Anttel Wholesale Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows WATER CORPORATION because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- WATER CORPORATION
- Aliases
- CORPORATION
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows WATER CORPORATION because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS150301
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
WATER CORPORATION Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows VX GROUP because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- VX GROUP
- Aliases
- GROUP
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows VX GROUP because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS149862
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
VX GROUP Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows VICTORIA AMATEUR TURF CLUB INCORPORATING THE MEL because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- VICTORIA AMATEUR TURF CLUB INCORPORATING THE MEL
- Aliases
- AMATEUR TURF CLUB INCORPORATING THE MEL
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows VICTORIA AMATEUR TURF CLUB INCORPORATING THE MEL because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS137044
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
VICTORIA AMATEUR TURF CLUB INCORPORATING THE MEL Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows VERITAS (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- VERITAS (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD
- Aliases
- (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows VERITAS (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS136550
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
VERITAS (AUSTRALIA) PTY LTD Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows Thomson Geer Services because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- Thomson Geer Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows Thomson Geer Services because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS136241
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
Thomson Geer Services Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows The Gribbles Group Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- The Gribbles Group Ltd
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows The Gribbles Group Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS148970
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
The Gribbles Group Ltd Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows Telcoinabox Operations Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- Telcoinabox Operations Pty Ltd
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows Telcoinabox Operations Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS24500
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
Telcoinabox Operations Pty Ltd Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows Techno Phobia Australia Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- Techno Phobia Australia Pty Ltd
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows Techno Phobia Australia Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS137867
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
Techno Phobia Australia Pty Ltd Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows Taipan Networx Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- Taipan Networx Pty Ltd
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows Taipan Networx Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS137065
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
Taipan Networx Pty Ltd Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows TT-Line Company Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- TT-Line Company Pty Ltd
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows TT-Line Company Pty Ltd because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS136240
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
TT-Line Company Pty Ltd Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows TOYOTA MATERIAL HANDLING AUSTRALIA PTY LIMITED because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- TOYOTA MATERIAL HANDLING AUSTRALIA PTY LIMITED
- Aliases
- MATERIAL HANDLING AUSTRALIA PTY LIMITED
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows TOYOTA MATERIAL HANDLING AUSTRALIA PTY LIMITED because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS137863
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
TOYOTA MATERIAL HANDLING AUSTRALIA PTY LIMITED Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- network directory
PeeringDB public network record
BTW follows TESLA MOTORS AUSTRALIA, PTY LTD because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- TESLA MOTORS AUSTRALIA, PTY LTD
- Aliases
- MOTORS AUSTRALIA, PTY LTD
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows TESLA MOTORS AUSTRALIA, PTY LTD because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS137081
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
TESLA MOTORS AUSTRALIA, PTY LTD Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows Sydney Airport Corporation Limited because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- Sydney Airport Corporation Limited
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows Sydney Airport Corporation Limited because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS137562
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
Sydney Airport Corporation Limited Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH (SPD) LIMITED because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH (SPD) LIMITED
- Aliases
- ADVENTIST CHURCH SPD LIMITED adminis
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH (SPD) LIMITED because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS136924
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH (SPD) LIMITED Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
BTW follows SEEING MACHINES PTY LTD because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
- Legal profile
- SEEING MACHINES PTY LTD
- Aliases
- MACHINES PTY LTD
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia / AU - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- Jun 12, 2026
Why this matches
- Public registry source
- BTW follows SEEING MACHINES PTY LTD because changes in its public role, relationships, operating footprint, or governance context can affect internet infrastructure visibility.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
AS150746
- Resources
- ASN
- Services
- IP transit
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordVirtual
SEEING MACHINES PTY LTD Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia / AU
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- Public registry
Public registry source
- public routing data
RIPEstat public routing record
Australian competition regulator included here as regulatory context for the IBM / HashiCorp merger review.
- Legal profile
- Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
- Aliases
- ACCC
- Other infrastructure services
- Australia - Infrastructure organization
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 1
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- May 29, 2026
Why this matches
- Australian Competition and Consumer Commission public evidence boundary
- Australian competition regulator included here as regulatory context for the IBM / HashiCorp merger review.
View contacts
Public contact coverage is available, with direct channels redacted.Available contact types: Policy. Direct contact values stay gated.Resources
Virtual
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Australia Other infrastructure services
- Resources
- Service platform
- Services
- Other infrastructure services
- Country
- Australia
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordUpdates and evidence- public evidence
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission public evidence boundary
Australian Government cyber security centre identified by iiNet/TPG as a contacted authority and customer support resource after the incident.
- Legal profile
- ACSC
- Aliases
- ACSC, Australian Cyber Security Centre, ASD's ACSC
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 1
- Evidence
- Limited
- Last verified
- May 29, 2026
Why this matches
- ACSC public evidence boundary
- Australian Government cyber security centre identified by iiNet/TPG as a contacted authority and customer support resource after the incident.
View contacts
Public contact coverage is available, with direct channels redacted.Available contact types: Support. Direct contact values stay gated.Resources
Virtual
ACSC Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia
- Evidence
- Limited
Read recordUpdates and evidence- public evidence
ACSC public evidence boundary
Australian privacy regulator and notifiable data breach authority identified by iiNet/TPG as a contacted authority after the cyber incident.
- Legal profile
- OAIC
- Aliases
- OAIC, Australian Information Commissioner, Office of the Australian Information Commissioner
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 1
- Evidence
- Limited
- Last verified
- May 29, 2026
Why this matches
- OAIC public evidence boundary
- Australian privacy regulator and notifiable data breach authority identified by iiNet/TPG as a contacted authority after the cyber incident.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
OAIC Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia
- Evidence
- Limited
Read recordUpdates and evidence- public evidence
OAIC public evidence boundary
Australian internet service Provider brand within TPG Telecom whose order management system was accessed by an unknown third party in August 2025.
- Legal profile
- iiNet
- Aliases
- iiNet Limited, iiNet Group
- Internet access
- Australia - Internet access provider
- Registry and RIR services
- Australia - Registry service participant
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 2
- Evidence
- Limited
- Last verified
- May 29, 2026
Why this matches
- iiNet public evidence boundary
- Australian internet service Provider brand within TPG Telecom whose order management system was accessed by an unknown third party in August 2025.
View contacts
No public contact availability is recorded yet.Resources
Virtual
iiNet Australia Internet access
- Resources
- Service platform
- Services
- Internet access
- Country
- Australia
- Evidence
- Limited
Read recordVirtual
iiNet Australia registry/RIR service
- Resources
- Registry record
- Services
- Registry and RIR services
- Country
- Australia
- Evidence
- Limited
Read recordUpdates and evidence- public evidence
iiNet public evidence boundary
Australian telecommunications group whose iiNet brand disclosed an order management system cyber incident affecting customer contact and service-order data.
- Legal profile
- TPG Telecom
- Aliases
- TPG Telecom Limited, TPG, ASX:TPG
- Other infrastructure services
- Australia - Infrastructure organization
- Physical
- 0
- Virtual
- 1
- Evidence
- Strong
- Last verified
- May 29, 2026
Why this matches
- TPG Telecom public evidence boundary
- Australian telecommunications group whose iiNet brand disclosed an order management system cyber incident affecting customer contact and service-order data.
View contacts
Public contact coverage is available, with direct channels redacted.Available contact types: Commercial. Direct contact values stay gated.Resources
Virtual
TPG Telecom Australia Other infrastructure services
- Resources
- Service platform
- Services
- Other infrastructure services
- Country
- Australia
- Evidence
- Strong
Read recordRelationships- OperatoriiNet
- PartnerVocus
- regulatorOAIC
Updates and evidence- public evidence
TPG Telecom public evidence boundary
