- The origins of the internet can be traced back to the ARPANET project funded by the United States’ Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the 1960s.
- The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), co-developed by Wiington Cerf and Robert Kahn, was the basic communications protocol that made the internet possible.
- Telecommunications companies such as AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and other global communications companies have invested in many infrastructure network facilities, including undersea fibre optic cables and terrestrial broadband networks.
The development of the infrastructure of the internet is a complex and multi-year process, involving the contributions of many different organisations and individuals. These include government agencies, academia, private companies to international organisations.
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Driven by government and military projects
The origins of the internet can be traced back to the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) project funded by the US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the 1960s. This was a network project designed to enable reliable communications between military bases, government agencies and universities.
ARPANET initially connected the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and the University of Utah. This project later proved that packet-switching technology was an efficient and reliable way of communicating data, and this technology became the core of what would later become the internet technology.
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Contributions from academia and research institutions
Academia played an integral role in the development of the internet. Numerous universities and research institutes were not only the main users of the early networks, but also the developers of many key technologies and protocols.
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the basic communications protocol that made the internet possible, was developed by Wijnton Cerf and Robert Kahn, who worked at Stanford University and DARPA, respectively.
The world’s first web page was invented at the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) by Tim Berners-Lee, who developed the concept of the World Wide Web (WWW), which greatly contributed to the popularity and use of the internet.
Contribution of private sector
With the maturity of internet technology and its commercial potential, many private enterprises began to participate in the construction of internet infrastructure. Telecommunications companies such as AT&T, Verizon, Sprint and other global communications companies have invested in the construction of many infrastructure network facilities, including submarine fibre-optic cables and terrestrial broadband networks.
Technology companies such as Cisco and Juniper Networks have designed and manufactured complex hardware equipment, including routers and switches, that support network operations. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) such as Comcast, Time Warner Cable, provide access services to ordinary consumers and businesses to enable them to connect to the internet.
International organisations and standard-setting bodies
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is primarily responsible for communications protocols and global standards, and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for internet-related technical standards, including TCP/IP, HTTP and SSL. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is responsible for the global allocation of domain names and IP addresses.
