- Cybersecurity threats are perpetrated by actors with malicious intentions, aimed at compromising data integrity, disrupting operational continuity or pilfering sensitive information.
- These threats are categorised into several types, each with distinct methods of execution and targets. Prominent among them are malware, social engineering, man-in-the-middle attacks, denial-of-service assaults, and injection exploits.
In the digital age, cybersecurity threats have evolved into sophisticated acts of espionage and disruption, perpetuated by actors with malicious intentions. These malevolent forces aim to compromise data integrity, disrupt operational continuity, and steal sensitive information. To navigate this treacherous landscape, it is essential to understand the various categories of cyber threats and their methods of execution.
Malware
Malware, short for malicious software, encompasses a range of harmful programs designed to infiltrate computer systems without consent. This includes viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware. Each type operates differently, yet all share the common goal of causing damage or theft. Viruses replicate themselves, spreading across networks and devices; trojans disguise themselves as legitimate software to gain entry; and ransomware encrypts data, demanding payment for decryption keys. Malware can be delivered through email attachments, infected websites, or by exploiting software vulnerabilities.
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Social engineering
Unlike malware, which relies on technical vulnerabilities, social engineering exploits human psychology. Attackers use deception to manipulate individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that aid the attacker. Phishing emails, pretexting, baiting, and quid pro quo are common tactics. For instance, a phishing email might mimic a trusted source, tricking the recipient into revealing login credentials or clicking on a malicious link. Social engineers often gather personal information through social media to make their interactions more convincing.
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Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and possibly alters communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other. This can happen over unsecured Wi-Fi networks or by exploiting vulnerabilities in communication protocols. The attacker can eavesdrop on conversations, steal data, or inject malicious content into the communication stream. MitM attacks are particularly dangerous because they can go unnoticed, allowing attackers to collect sensitive information over extended periods.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) assaults
DoS attacks aim to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers flood the target with excessive requests, overwhelming its capacity and causing legitimate traffic to be blocked. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are a variation where multiple compromised computer systems attack a target, causing a more significant impact. DoS attacks are often used to extort money from organisations by threatening to shut down their services unless a ransom is paid.
Injection exploits
Injection attacks involve inserting malicious code into a system by exploiting vulnerabilities in software that processes input. SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and command injection are examples of this type. Attackers can manipulate databases, steal information, or execute unauthorised commands. These attacks are prevalent because many web applications fail to properly sanitise user input, leaving them open to exploitation.
