- Smart Africa’s CAIGA introduces mechanisms where political endorsement and paid membership substitute for open, bottom-up RIR governance
- Munyua says ICANN must answer whether it would support equivalent intergovernmental restructuring of RIPE NCC, APNIC, ARIN or LACNIC
A key internet governance adviser has taken a swipe at ICANN and Smart Africa, whose announcement of a “Continental Africa Internet Governance Architecture” (CAIGA) goes against many of the fundamental principles on which the internet’s success has so far been based.
Alice Munyua — who chaired the 2011 UN IGF in Nairobi, formerly led the Kenya ccTLD board, sat on the board of the Communications Authority of Kenya, and served as vice chair of ICANN’s Governmental Advisory Committee — is not only one of the most senior African actors within the DNS/governance layer; she is also one of the few who has occupied senior positions both inside and outside governments on this subject. So when she says a line is being crossed, everyone involved in internet governance issue should listen.
Also read: ICANN and AFRINIC: A partnership or a power play?
The question being asked: Is ICANN’s interference in African internet issues in line with community-led principles?
Her core argument is not speculative. It is grounded in documented elements of the CAIGA framework — and in the public record of the ICANN / Smart Africa MoU — and in the language used by Smart Africa whilst presenting the proposals at ICANN84 in Dublin in October, where Smart Africa described CAIGA as “two years of joint work with ICANN.”
Munyua is asserting that ICANN has already lent institutional legitimacy to continental restructuring of AFRINIC governance through intergovernmental architecture, including funding and work-stream participation, without AFRINIC’s own membership community having meaningfully requested or initiated it. And she is saying plainly: that is not compatible with ICP-2.
In her LinkedIn post she asks:
“Would ICANN participate in and fund similar intergovernmental restructuring of RIPE NCC by the European Commission? Of APNIC by ASEAN? Of ARIN or LACNIC by the OAS?”
She pairs that with the determining test case:
“If no, why are the rules different for Africa?
“If yes…ICANN needs to acknowledge it is facilitating a fundamental transformation of the global RIR system from community governance to political mediation.”
This is the central line of her argument: neutrality is not about the absence of public political statements — neutrality is about refusing to be a direct participant in externally drafted restructuring proposals that substitute political endorsement for community ratification.
Also read: ICANN’s role in AFRINIC elections faces scrutiny, claims of interference
What the CAIGA mechanisms actually do
Her concern is not that African governments are exercising political agency — she is explicit that African sovereignty and African coordination are legitimate — but that Smart Africa’s CAIGA introduces specific governance instruments that override bottom-up control in the allocation registry layer. And if that override is allowed in one region, the RIR system is no longer a system with consistent principles.
The more detailed article she published sets out the proposed mechanisms in plain terms, stripped of the euphemisms:
- CAIGA creates a new paid membership participation structure (replacing open participation norms)
- allows the Smart Africa Heads of State Summit to “politically endorse AFRINIC governance reforms if the membership does not adopt them”
- inserts a Permanent Secretary outside AFRINIC member oversight
- enables governments to make direct recommendations to the AFRINIC board outside the existing PDP
- and is built around external drafting — including a blueprint authored by a third-party France-based entity
It is extremely unusual in the global RIR system for structural governance reforms to be drafted externally and then later introduced to an RIR community as a near-finished product. Under ICP-2 norms, bottom-up process is not an aesthetic preference; it is the operational check that preserves consistent global behaviour across five autonomous but structurally symmetric regional organisations.
Also read: Smart Africa leaks thousands of AFRINIC member email addresses
What neutrality would have looked like instead
Munyua writes:
“Participating in developing a governance restructuring proposal, providing financial support, allowing institutional association, while the affected community remains largely uninformed is not neutrality. It is choosing a side while maintaining plausible deniability.”
She then contrasts this with what real neutrality would have looked like — ICANN telling Smart Africa that any structural reform had to be initiated through the AFRINIC community itself; that ICANN could not fund or co-draft externally designed restructuring proposals; and that continental coordination frameworks must not alter RIR accountability frameworks.
The precedent risk is global
At the heart of this is a governance diagnostics question: if ICANN participates — even as an adviser — in frameworks that include mechanisms for political endorsement to substitute for membership ratification, then the bedrock principle that RIRs are bottom-up community bodies is lost.
She is not suggesting that all state involvement is illegitimate. She makes the opposite argument: African governments have valid sovereignty and developmental goals. But — and this is her line — sovereignty and development do not require replacing the accountability model that has enabled 30 years of predictable, non-politicised number resource management.
In other words, the binary “government vs community” frame is misleading. There is a legitimate zone for government coordination — but the zone boundary is where political direction substitutes for community ratification. And CAIGA, she argues, crosses that line.
Also read: ICANN CEO’s latest power play: NRO’s new consultation hides a quiet expansion of authority
Why this won’t go away until ICANN answers
This is why her systemic question matters. Because if ICANN’s claim is that this is not a double standard, then it must be true that ICANN would support equivalent frameworks in Europe, APAC, or the Americas. That claim can be tested empirically: if tomorrow the European Commission proposed an intergovernmental RIPE NCC restructuring mechanism, would ICANN supply funding and staff to that? Would ICANN allow itself to be cited as a co-developer?
Her whole critique rests on that falsifiability test.
If ICANN would not, then Africa has been treated differently.
If ICANN would, then this is the first case of a global shift away from community governance of RIRs, and we must publicly acknowledge that the model itself has changed.
This is why she closes by reframing the stakes away from “African representation” and towards “defence of the governance principles that make representation meaningful”:
“We can have African digital sovereignty AND community-governed technical institutions… What we cannot have is governmental restructuring of technical governance presented as multistakeholder reform.”
As the next AFRINIC election cycle and governance reform sequence approaches, this question cannot be left in rhetorical limbo. It is falsifiable. It is specific. And it goes to the core of global RIR integrity.
Which is why the question will not go away until ICANN answers it directly — yes or no — and then explains why.
